Studying for a PhD can be “dehumanising” and “humiliating”, and programmes may be “needlessly isolating”, according to a US academic.
Scott Thomas, president-elect of the US Association for the Study of Higher Education, said that some universities were not doing a good job in terms of the postgraduate experience.
He added that departments with the most eminent staff might be the most resistant to accommodating the changing needs of postgraduates in the current job market.
Professor Thomas, who is also dean of the School of Educational Studies at Claremont Graduate University, was speaking about academic socialisation and social support for postgraduates at the annual conference of the UK Council for Graduate Education.
“We don’t do a very good job of making the postgraduate experience a human experience,” he said at the event in Glasgow on 2 July.
“In some ways it is dehumanising, humiliating – it’s a challenge as it should be a challenging experience, but it is needlessly isolating,” he said.
Professor Thomas talked about the need for postgraduates to be socialised in two ways throughout their studies.
First, universities should educate them about the act of being a researcher and scholar, and second, they should provide support to help students understand the discipline and wider field within which they work, including related occupations.
“A lot of the time when we talk about socialising graduate students we either focus on one or the other or we conflate the two in problematic ways,” he said.
Across the world the academic labour market was “changing dramatically” with a heavier reliance on a “contingent workforce” comprising non-tenure or non-tenure-track staff, he added. “Many students are expecting to go out into the academy into positions much like ours, [but] the fact is that the opportunity for the assumption of those positions is declining,” he said.
Funding bodies and scientific associations in the US are now recognising this and are encouraging universities to introduce students to opportunities outside higher education.
“This is a pretty fundamental shift to what you were seeing even 10 years ago,” he said.
But shifting the emphasis of postgraduate research programmes towards industry will depend on changing the disciplinary norms and priorities of such courses.
These norms are set by faculty academics who hold dominant posts, such as presidents and board members of associations, and editorships of key journals, he said.
“It is in some ways a bet that those programmes that are strongest in terms of the faculty organisation and research organisation will have the most resistance to change,” said Professor Thomas.
In addressing these tensions, universities should question accepted competencies and modify them to reflect “non-academic realities”, he continued.
To tackle social isolation, universities should focus on the early part of postgraduate programmes and consider the importance of providing a physical space that allows students to interact. Academic advisers should also be trained to recognise the signs of loneliness.
“We have done a great deal of work on the doctoral student experience,” he said, but “very little” of that work had considered that there can be huge differences between programmes, universities and disciplines. “I think we need to pay attention to the complexity of those interfaces,” he added.
Smooth operators: doctoral education needs staff who can cut through the red tape
There is a danger of “over-administrating” doctoral education, because of the increased focus on monitoring postgraduate programme performance, a head of university career development has said.
Lucas Zinner, head of research services and career development at the University of Vienna, said that universities had to invest in staff working in the field to avoid excessive bureaucratisation.
He added that universities needed to employ professional doctoral education staff who can “speak both languages” of research and administration.
Over the past decade, PhD training has changed in Europe, with many universities introducing structured programmes that offer transferable skills training. Talking about the changes at the UK Council for Graduate Education’s annual conference in Glasgow, Dr Zinner said that discussions were also under way on the need to train supervisors for their role in doctoral programmes.
Dr Zinner said that the increased pressure to monitor PhD programme performance created “a danger of over-administrating doctoral education”.
“The universities sector has to invest in professionalising their staff because it is…the most efficient way to avoid bureaucratisation of doctoral education,” he said. “We need people who are able to speak both languages, the language of administration and the language of the academics.”
He added that professionalising posts in this area would provide a “long-term sustainable environment for doctoral education”. Universities need to create a “real human resources policy” that considers the career path of such people, he added.
Dr Zinner is working on the PRIDE (Professionals in Doctoral Education) project, a European Commission-funded study that looks at the contribution of non-academic professionals to doctoral education. He presented the results of an initial survey of this group at the event on 2 July. Almost a third of the 222 respondents from 29 countries had previously worked as a researcher before entering the area of administration of doctoral education. Half had a PhD.
“What we see is the boundaries between the professional staff on non-academic contracts and academic contracts…are blurred. People are moving from one area of activity to the other,” he said.
He added that the contribution of non-academic staff to doctoral programmes “is often very good but less visible” than that of academics.
Holly Else
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Article originally published as: Sector must address ‘dehumanising and isolating’ aspects of PhD study (9 July 2015)
